Understanding the basic genetic mechanisms of abnormal development of the female reproductive tract may help us understand these adverse reproductive outcomes, such as implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage and premature delivery.

Similarly, regarding the reproductive history, factors such as male infertility, menstrual cycle disorders, structural abnormalities of the uterus, endometriosis, leiomyoma, recurrent miscarriages, previous curettage procedures, prior pregnancies, and live births showed no significant differences among groups.